Book review on: Evolution of The Mahabharata

The noble effort of Sage Vyasa's intense penance once bore fruit in the form of a great gift known to us as the "Mahabharata" today . This epic work serves as a bridge connecting the Vedic and Sanatana cultures, a testament to Vyasa's transcendence beyond the ordinary plane. The pages of this timeless text not only carry poetry but also reflect an eternal renaissance of Bharata's soul, with each story and moral principle carefully woven into its vast fabric. Even the greatest hero is marked by the stain of stigma here, whereas flowers of glory are seen to be showering down over the head of the protagonist. Within the folds of Mahabharata, one discovers an assortment of tales, short stories, valuable teachings and moral dilemmas, all intricately placed within the context of the whole. This extensive work encompasses a treasure of knowledge, ranging from science and philosophy to dharma, economics, politics and sociology. It is a reservoir of wisdom that the Hindus believe has the power to dispel sins and inauspiciousness, a sacred passage that resonates from the grandest castles to the humblest thatched huts. Just as we rely on water and air for sustenance, Indian society and literature have drawn inspiration, refreshment and essential life force from the text, adapting its teachings and principles to every age. To comprehend India, one must seek wisdom from this ancient scripture, as it is an indispensable source that has sustained the Indian social and cultural fabric for centuries. That is why Mahabharata itself says,

“That which is great in quality and quantity is called Mahabharata”.

If one wants to know India, if you want to understand the outlook of Indian people and want to recognize the essence of India’s own culture, it is mandatory to know Mahabharata. Also, the eternal pulse of human life is heavily felt in this epic. And, to understand the evolution of the text and various writings and important ideas connected to the epic one can go through this book this time, titled “Evolution of Mahabharata and Other Writings on the Epic”. The original book was a Kannada classic named ‘Mahabharatada Belavanige’ written in 1972 by S R Ramaswamy that also included other seven essays on Mahabharata.  This time the copy is effectively translated by Hari Ravikumar, Arjun Bharadwaj and Sandeep Balakrishna. The book reports on the interesting journey of one of the academic successes of the 12th century i.e. development of the Critical Edition of the Mahabharata by Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar along with the scholarly teams at Bhandarkar Institute.

Till now I used to know that already a great storm of revolution at the societal to national level has swept through India. A blood-thirsty monstrous mishap arising from nucleus anger, jealousy and hatred- in the name of the Kurukshetra war took place, unbearable in the eyes of humanity- and, that is the historical background. Further, I have hear many commenting that there are many fascinating but out-of-context stories though interpolated but not a matter of surprise. Now, if interpolated, then, was there any reason for these interpolations? And, what is its connection with the main story? Well, the experts of the critical edition have already contemplated much on these. But, till now, I have always made an attempt to explore the text in totality. From my side, I have always tried to connect them with the contemporary society. And, also its historicity can’t be denied, right?

Now, let’s delve deep into the review of the book and what the author has to say regarding the world of Mahabharata.

S R Ramaswamy

Nature of work

The “Nature of the Work section” the author mentions how the development of intellectual activity took place in India from the Upanishadic era to the age of Smritis and Puranas. Again, the book mentions that the Sharada script was the one in which most of the ancient manuscripts of the text were written. Moreover, multiple sections from Vedas, Smritis and Puranas have references and connections with Mahabharata stories and teachings. After presenting the arguments put by the Western scholars the book mentions the important part i.e. Sukthankar’s Bhargava argument. It is Rishi Bhrigu who lies in the heart and then there are his descendants or Bhargavas who are liable for taking the narrative further. It is interesting to note that Mahabharata’s genealogical beginning starts with lineage of Bhrigu and some of the most important characters and accounts of the epic are somehow connected to Bhrigu.

Even in Bhagavat Gita Sri Krishna declares

“Among the great seers, I am Bhrigu”.

So, Arvind Sharma rightly comments “There is a demonstrable connection between Bhrigu myth cycle and the Bharata story, and there is a thematic parallel, the passage of an age, the extermination of a race, intervention and survival”.

Textual contradictions and variations

The book includes an important section that touches the Critical Edition and its necessity in the study of the Mahabharata. In this context, reminding the contribution of Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar, Moriz Winternitz has rightly commented that-

"Here I may say that in my opinion, neither in India nor in Europe, any one scholar would be found who would have done the work better than Dr. Sukthankar has done in his first fascicule"

But, in this review will focus more on discussing the root and so let's look at the root of the real tree. Whatever characteristics the root has, that's what the original Mahabharata means. Even if there is a source point, the root is not just a single point. It's a network. So, the next thing to be seriously understood is the “Texual contradictions and variations”. Analyzing the different contradictive texts found from various parts of India at different times is obviously vital. And, for this, the author, considers the northern and southern contradictions, interpolated tales, recent additions and so on. I never used to know that the southern version of the scripture had been much more extensive than the northern one. Even the names of upa-parvas have been varying across different versions of India. Also, in the case of proper nouns and names, there are differences in Northern and Southern recensions, as the sub-plots change region-wise. Eg. There is a popular narrative that due to the curse of Urvashi, Arjuna had to live an impotent life but that is not true as this comes from later Puranas.  And, in those southern versions Chitrangada, the wife of Arjuna is considered a Pandya princess and the father of Satyavati is given the name Uccaihsravas. However, among the many things that are common in both the versions are ages of the Pandavas, the duration of their stay in the area of Indraprastha etc. I was even surprised to know that the story of Ganesha appointed to pen down Mahabharata is quite recent.

The discussion further pertains to what the original Mahabharata/ Vyasa's Mahabharata and how a from a common nucleus, all the regions versions is weaved, keeping in mind the time and region connected with social contexts in mind. It has taken such a complex meshwork that till now no one knows where it started (and, the Indians always had the full freedom to do that) and keep the message ever-green, the spirit that becomes old in due course of time but never becomes fade. The author’s extensive discussion has helped me to recognize the history of the evolution of Mahabharata studies; how much of the 'original Mahabharata' elements are present in the Bengali Mahabharata by Kashiram Das, Villi Bharatham, by Villiputtur Alwar, Oriya Mahabharata by Sarala Das, whether these can be considered the 'original Mahabharata' at all; if not, by what name should they be identified? The arguments include the flaws and deviations within these versions of the Mahabharata that are extremely popular among confused masses. Furthermore, it analyzes the importance of folklore in the study of Indian epics.

S L Bhyrappa

Dharma, destiny and human effort

Now, it is well understood that the dharma- as the establisher of balance and order is the entity that is the most important thing that needs to be well understood while reading Mahabharata. This is what is the main highlight of the section “The Distilled Essence of the Mahabharata”. Yes, the scripture is a cascade of Upanishadic thoughts and from here the author builds up and explains the ideas behind Avatars, symbolism like two trees, heroism and so on. Dharma, rooted in truth, establishes balance and is self-sustaining, making it the only stable law in creation. Krishna symbolizes this eternal truth in the Mahabharata. Human efforts may seem unsatisfactory, but the epic encourages rising above material success and failure to grasp the eternal flow of truth. The Mahabharata's ultimate message is that all worldly conflicts and joys are temporary, and the highest spiritual truth is the only permanent reality. This perspective encourages readers to embrace philosophical inquiry and understand that what benefits all beings is true dharma.

dhāraṇād-dharmam ity-āhur-dharmo dhārayati prajāḥ

yah syad-dhāraṇa-samyuktaḥ sa dharma iti niścayah

[Meaning: Dharma is that which supports and sustains all the people of the land Indeed it is only something which can support and sustain everything that can be called dharma!- Message of Vyasa]

Dharma, the guiding principle, is multifaceted and dynamic. The Mahabharata teaches that true understanding comes from interpreting events and characters at a deeper symbolic level, revealing the profound and continuous flow of dharma. Characters like Krishna and Arjuna symbolize the journey from individual self to universal consciousness, emphasizing the unity between the two. The Mahabharata offers a profound understanding of core themes of higher philosophies, particularly the concept of dharma the analysis in the book has aligned with its scholarly perspective on the epic.

Destiny and human effort are portrayed as temporary and influenced by one's actions. The Mahabharata aims to convey an eternal philosophy, beyond mere morality and ethics, highlighting the complexities of human nature and this is what the author shows us this time.

Hari Ravikumar

Symbolisms through invocation, universality and eternal themes

The author further, highlights how Mahābhārata uses symbolic episodes to convey deeper truths. For example, the choice between Arjuna and Duryodhana in front of a sleeping Kṛṣṇa symbolizes the temporary nature of good and evil and the control of the Ultimate Principle over them. The Mahābhārata begins with a prayer invoking Nārāyaṇa, Nara, Devi Sarasvatī, and Vyāsa. This invocation symbolizes the fusion of the individual self (jiva), the ultimate consciousness (paramātmā), and the seeker (sādhaka), suggesting their interconnectedness in the grand principle of existence. The Mahābhārata illustrates that concepts like victory and defeat are mere expressions of broader realities of realization and ignorance. It conveys that everything is part of a continuous, cyclical flow of life, where personal achievements and failures are transient. Again, the character analysis of the characters in the Mahabharata are metaphors for specific traits. Characters like Dhritarashtra, Duryodhana, and Bhishma illustrate the conflict between noble intentions and human weaknesses. Bhishma, for example, represents dualities and split personalities. He upheld profound values but faced helpless situations, making his character immortal and relevant even today. His life embodied knowledge, valor, and sacrifice, earning him immense respect. Bhishma's character, embodying knowledge, valor, and sacrifice, remains a symbol of unwavering commitment and complex morality. Despite questionable actions, his vision always aimed at national welfare, earning him a revered status in Indian tradition.

Arjun Bharadwaj

Kurukshetra War and Bhagavad-Gita: Transcending duality, dialogues and inspirations

Again, the author discusses that how Kurukshetra war is itself another symbolism and is the internal battle between good and evil impulses. The epic encourages a philosophical inquiry into the nature of these conflicts, urging readers to transcend temporary joys and sorrows. Śrīkṛṣṇa represents the principle of Ultimate Reality, transcending dualities such as success and failure. His human form symbolizes the possibility for human beings to attain the same elevated state as the divine by overcoming illusions and realizing their true nature. The Bhagavad-gītā, set against the backdrop of a chariot battle, explores the complex choice between action and renunciation. It provides guidance on overcoming obstacles to approach the divine within the heart, reflecting the broader spiritual journey depicted in the Mahābhārata.

The various characters in the Mahabharata embody different psychological attitudes, indicating that the epic is not just about war but also holds profound intentions and lessons. The praise of ksātra (valour and protection) and warring tendencies is seen not as worship of power but as a means to balance societal differences and establish equanimity (svasthya). This involves the interplay of the three primordial qualities: sattva (goodness), rajas (activity), and tamas (lethargy). The Bhagavad-gita, central to the Mahabharata, teaches the establishment of equanimity (svasthya) and the importance of adhering to one’s own duty (sva-dharma). This principle helps maintain balance in society by addressing internal and external disturbances. The Gita's teachings transcend time and offer guidance for both spiritual and practical life. It has been revered for centuries for its holistic vision and universal relevance. In modern times, it has provided solace and hope amidst weakening traditional beliefs and complex human relations. How the Gita has influenced various aspects of life, including politics, economics, and personal development, emphasizing the harmony between material prosperity and spiritual growth is ultimately explained by the author.

The author next shows how prominent Western thinkers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, were deeply influenced by the Gita, recognizing its profound wisdom. The Gita continues to be a source of inspiration, guiding individuals and societies towards a balanced and fulfilling life. While, The Mahabharata, as a whole, has inspired many, including leaders like Shivaji, and shaped Indian culture profoundly, Particularly the section of Bhagavad-gītā has played a significant role in India's freedom struggle, inspiring leaders like Tilak, Malaviya, Gandhi, and revolutionaries who viewed it as a source of strength and moral guidance. Figures such as Lokamanya Tilak used the Gītā to inspire courage and resolve among people fighting against colonial rule. Paulo Coelho, a renowned writer on spirituality, expressed his admiration for the Bhagavad-gītā, highlighting its timeless appeal and its teachings on understanding the mystery, accepting destiny, and fulfilling one's duty in battles of life. This sentiment is shared by many who have encountered the Gītā. The Bhagavad-gītā has played a significant role in India's freedom struggle, inspiring leaders like Tilak, Malaviya, Gandhi, and revolutionaries who viewed it as a source of strength and moral guidance. Figures such as Lokamanya Tilak used the Gītā to inspire courage and resolve among people fighting against colonial rule.

The Gītā has inspired numerous commentaries, reflecting its universal appeal and profound impact. Notable among these is Jñāneśvarī by Sant Jñāneśvara in the 13th century, which remains popular for its poetic and original analogies. The Jñāneśvarī, composed by Jñāneśvara (also known as Jñānadeva), is a foundational text in Marathi literature and a pivotal work in the Bhagavata tradition of Maharashtra. It is both a significant philosophical text and the first major work of Marathi literature. The Jñāneśvarī is likened to a guiding light for devotees, akin to a mother providing unconditional love and guidance. It remains central to spiritual practice and daily recitation for many, symbolizing enduring wisdom and spiritual nourishment as explained by the author.

jeņem saprapamca ajñāna jaye

yeku mī gocaru hoye

tem upapatticeni upayem

gītārūpa hem

[Meaning: I've explained to you in a methodical way the knowledge given by Gītā.

This removes all ignorance and leads to Self-knowledge]

andeep Balakrishna

After completion of the book, some important things stuck in my mind. Yes, this grand epic has encompassed our Greater Bharat through oral story-tellers like harikathakaras, names of geographical places, local customs, various other literary works etc. Did we know that the Mahabharata spread over one thousand verses and if we put together the other two epics of human civilization i.e. Iliad and Odyssey, it will be one-eighth size of that of the grand Mahabharata.  The Foreword of the book also highlights the difference that lies between a novel and Puranas that we must keep in mind and delves deep while explaining the calculations given behind the age of the characters while reading the scripture.

For example, I already heard the fact that in Osla village of the Jaunsar-Bawar region in the Garhwal Himalayas, Duryodhana has been worshipped for many centuries. An axe kept there is considered to be Duryodhana's weapon. The locals say that when he died, they cried so much that the Tons River was created. Even the name Dehradun is said to be inspired by Duryodhana. However, the residents of Osla now do not publicly acknowledge Duryodhana as their deity. Instead, they promote his temple as a Shiva temple. This means that beliefs or traditions that have developed over many centuries are changing with the passage of time.

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